In the Philippines, crisis response protocols are outlined in the various manuals of the different responsible agencies.

Hostage-Taking Incidents

According to the International Committee of the Red Cross, hostage-taking refers to the act of seizing individuals, often civilians, and holding them captive to achieve specific demands, such as ransom, political concessions, or the release of prisoners. It’s a coercive tactic often employed by individuals, groups, or organizations to exert pressure on authorities or to further their own agendas.

Types of Hostage-Takers

1. Common Criminals People who take hostages for personal, rather than ideological reasons
   • The common criminals will generally concede to police negotiations if there is no way out and hostages will generally be unharmed
   • This type is classified as a rational creative thinker, is able to reason, and can discriminate on how much force is to be used against him
   • Reasons Why Common Criminals Take Hostages:
     • Escape
     • Money
     • Transportation
2. Persons in Crisis People who take hostages during a period of prolonged frustration, despair and problems
3. Psychotics Mentally-ill people who take hostages during a period of psychiatric
   disturbance
   • This person is unpredictable and may resort to violence depending on his mood
   • The enforcement officer should try to gain as much information as possible concerning motives. ex. past history, medical and arrest records, etc.
4. Prisoners People who take hostages because of dissatisfaction and discontent
   regarding their living conditions in prison
5. Political Terrorists Ideologically-inspired individuals or groups of people who take
   hostages because of political and ideological beliefs.
6. Fanatics
   • They fall on the extreme side of violence
   • Considered most dangerous because the law, in his mind, has no legal basis

Managing Hostage Situations

Predict

Here’s what will happen if you are taken hostage: 

• Remain calm, be polite, and cooperate with your captors.
• DO NOT attempt escape unless there is an extremely good chance of survival. It is safer to be submissive and obey your captors.
• Speak normally. DO NOT complain, avoid being belligerent, and comply with all orders and instructions.
• DO NOT draw attention to yourself with sudden body movements, statements, comments, or hostile looks.
• Observe the captors and try to memorize their physical traits, voice patterns, clothing, or other details that can help provide a description later.
• Avoid getting into political or ideological discussions with your captors.
• Try to establish a relationship with your captors and get to know them. Captors are less likely to harm you if they respect you.
• If forced to present terrorist demands to authorities, either in writing or on tape, state clearly that the demands are from your captors. Avoid making a plea on your own behalf.
• Try to stay low to the ground or behind cover from windows or doors, if possible.

Prepare

For individuals considering these threats, first think about the places you stay most often, like your home, workplace, gym, house or worship, or any other location you visit frequently. For each of these locations:

• Do you know all of the entrances and exits?
• Do you know where emergency supplies are located?

Next, consider how a potential attack could unfold and how you would respond:

• What is the most likely place an attacker would enter?
• How would you escape if usual egress points are blocked?
• What objects are present that could be used as a weapon, if it became necessary?
• Do you carry a pocket knife or mace?
• Are there areas where you could hide or barricade to put space between yourself and an intruder? 

Prevent

By acting in a security-conscious way, you can reduce the risk of being taken hostage.  This includes: 

• Avoid going into unsafe areas, especially on excursions. Be aware of any current situations in the area. Understand that risk levels can change, even over-night. 
• All criminals exploit opportunities and vulnerabilities. Observe your surroundings carefully, especially around your residence, your workplace and your car, as these might be where criminals approach you.
• Be particularly attentive when dealing with unexpected callers to your home. Be on your guard with unexpected occurrences like apparent emergencies, traffic incidents or roadblocks, and with anyone approaching you to offer help. It might be a diversion or trap.
• Watch out for individuals or vehicles following you. If you suspect you are being followed, you could drive to the local police station or to a place where you feel safe.
• If you are abroad and you are not familiar with the places and everything, try not to be an attractive target. Wear clothing that will not draw attention and do not display any jewelry (including fakes), or have expensive vehicles, bags, suitcases, etc. 
• It is not your perception of wealth that counts, it is the view of the local population’s. Remember that your ethnicity/race may be enough to make you stand out.
• Your full name, where you work, and your function should not be displayed on luggage, your car, doorplates or signs. Consider using your name only instead of the company’s for invoices, bookings and your credit card.
• Prevent criminals from finding out anything that might make you their target. Be cautious about providing information about yourself on the Internet, e.g. in social networks. It can also be used as a source of information by criminals.
• Predictable behavior makes it easy for criminals to spy on you and make plans. 
  • Vary the time you depart for, and return from, work. 
  • Vary your route and take detours.
  • Vary the vehicle you take and where you park it.
  • Vary when and where you go to bars, clubs and restaurants.
  • Vary when and where you go to activities such as sports or meetings with friends.
• Your home should be well protected against unauthorized entry. New locks should be installed when you move in or if a key is lost. Never leave a key outside. Repair any defective lighting as soon as possible.
• Choose a well-lit, easily overlooked, and attended car park. Avoid stopping next to occupied vehicles or vehicles you cannot see into (like delivery vans). 
• Do not approach your car if there are suspicious people loitering nearby or if your departure will be hindered, e.g. by another parked vehicle.

Perform

In the tragic circumstance where a hostage-taking does occur, the following guidelines and procedures shall be undertaken:

1. First Responders (FR) 
   • Secure the incident scene and establish perimeter security.
   • Give situation update and inform the Hostage Negotiation Team (HNT) for possible deployment.
   • Do not allow unauthorized persons at the incident scene.
   • Gather information about the hostage-taker and hostage(s) from witnesses.
   • Re-route traffic flow if necessary.
   • Evacuate all persons within the vicinity of the incident scene. 
   • Clear areas for use of other responders. 
   • Establish Advanced Command Post (ACP). 
   • Initiate contact with the hostage-taker through any available means.
   • If the situation becomes volatile, request for deployment of HNT.
   • Brief the TL, HNT of the situation and turn- over the conduct of negotiation.
   • Stay at the incident scene to maintain security, crowd and traffic control, preserve evidence and take custody of witnesses
2. Incident Commander (IC)
   • The IC shall prepare necessary plans including but not limited to the following:
     • Emergency Response Plan Depends on the threat posed by the hostage-takers and need of the HNT and IC
     • Breakout Plan possibility of breakout shall be considered immediately upon drawing up of negotiation strategy; this should be considered as one of the priority plans
     • Delivery Plan In case the hostage-takers change plans in the middle of the execution
     • Surrender Plan Shall be drawn up in a way that the hostages’ lives will not be jeopardized
     • Hostage Reception/Release for security reasons, released hostages shall be contained and isolated
     • Collection Plan Safety of the police personnel involved is the priority consideration.
   • In handling hostage situations, the IC shall be guided by the following courses of actions: 
     • Negotiate
     • Arrest
     • Tactical assault
3. Hostage Negotiation Team (HNT) The HNT shall:
   • Set-up Negotiation Operation Center (NOC)
   • Initiate contact with the hostage-taker and obtain other information
   • Give updates to the IC and brief him/her of the current situation
   • Evaluate the necessity of resorting to other option without compromising the safety of the hostage(s)
   • Recommend for activation of CMC and deployment of CIMTG as necessary
   • Facilitate all deliveries, hostage receptions, and release and possible surrender of hostage-taker
   • Attend to all meetings called by the CMC or IC.
4. Assault Team An assault team shall be alerted for deployment in case the negotiation fails. Members of the assault team shall wear authorized and easily recognizable uniform during the conduct of the operation.
5. Crowd Control A crowd control team shall be deployed to manage and control the crowd and augment the first responders in securing the perimeter.
6. Support Personnel Support personnel shall include those in charge of managing traffic, firefighting, providing medical emergency assistance, crime scene processing and rescue.
   • After the neutralization of the hostage-taker/s and rescue of the hostage/s, the following processing and debriefing procedures shall be under taken:
   • Clear and secure the crime scene to avoid contamination of evidence;
   • Evacuate the hostages and other injured persons;
   • Conduct CSI;
   • Conduct debriefing on the hostages and participating personnel;
   • Take the sworn statement of witnesses, hostages, hostage-taker, and key participants in the incident;
   • Initiate case conferences to facilitate filing of cases;
   • Issue press statements;
   • Submit reports to higher headquarters; and
   • Deactivate the CMC and CIMTG.

Negotiating With Hostage-Takers

Objectives

1. The safe release of the hostage;
2. Arrest of the perpetrators;
3. Minimize harm to both the hostage and the hostage-takers; and
4. Minimize damage to properties.

Reasons

1. Peaceful resolution of incident;
2. Safe release of hostages;
3. Tactical team need time to prepare

Stages

1. Preliminary Stage
2. Opening
3. Exploratory
4. Conclusion

Procedure

1. Situation must be stabilized first before the start of the negotiation.
2. All attempts to negotiate must be done by remote means.
3. Adherence to the basic policy on safety of the hostage shall be paramount.
4. Provide relevant information to the tactical teams.
5. All communication with the hostage-taker must be secured and protected.
6. Always adhere to the ethics of negotiation.

Process

1. Preparation
   • Collection of relevant information
   • Setting of goals
   • Planning of initial stance
   • Prepare back up and bottom line positions
   • Ready answers and solutions
2. Drawing up Negotiation Strategy
   • Assessment on what to do when both parties do not reach an agreement;
   • Assessment on what the other party will do if they do not reach an agreement with the
     negotiator;
   • Assessment on the true issues in the negotiation;
   • Assessment on the bargaining issue; and
   • Assessment on the existence of trade-offs.
3. The Negotiation Proper
   • All of the players should be clear with their interests and demands.
   • Identify and acknowledge all conflicts and issues which need to be resolved.
   • Agree on a common goal from the agreement.
   • Bargain for a better deal.
   • Trade concessions
   • Try to resolve the issues and problems of all those concerned
   • Compromise
   • Conclude with a formal or written agreement

Useful Negotiation Tactics

• Establish and Maintain Communication
  • problem-solving climate show desire to understand
  • climate of compromise adopt give and lake attitude and by showing a willingness to bargain and yield when necessary.
• Stall for Time
  • reduce the stress environment
  • allow for negotiations external to the conflict zone.
  • permit the implementation of active hostage rescue efforts.
• Obtain Information
  • The negotiator can use open-ended or close ended questions depending on the initial reactions of the hostage-takers.
  • In restatement of content, the negotiator must repeat in his own words what he thinks he has heard.
  • In reflection of feeling the negotiator must pay attention to what is said and how it was said.
• Calm the Hostage-Takers Using:
  • Modelling The negotiator must talk and respond in a calm and controlled manner using a very conversational tone.
  • Ventilation Give the hostage-takers time to talk without interrupting them.
  • Distraction Use this to draw the attention of the hostage-takers away from whatever is bothering them.
• Establish rapport.
• Use Persuasion:
  • Deal with small issues first thus creating an atmosphere of success.
  • Maintain non-threatening communications, both verbal and non-verbal.
  • Agree with obvious reluctance to any demands that might be to your tactical advantage. If the demands are to the advantage of the hostage-takers or fall in the area of non-negotiable items, stall for time and express willingness to seek alternative solutions.

Arrest

1. Effect the arrest of the hostage-taker when situation warrants.
2. Restrain the hostage-taker and conduct thorough search on his/her body and the immediate vicinity of the incident scene.
3. Inform the arrested person of the circumstances of his/ her arrest, and recite the Miranda warning, and anti-torture warning.
4. All evidence must be secured and properly documented.
5. Use reasonable force in arresting the hostage-taker.
6. Facilitate the transport of the hostage-taker to the nearest police station.

Tactical Assault

1. It may be resorted to if the hostage-taker poses imminent danger of causing death or injury to the negotiator or hostage.
2. When all peaceful means were utilized and failed and the hostage-taker is determined to become more violent.
3. When peaceful resolution of the incident becomes impossible.

Post-Action and Assessment

After a hostage-taking incident, some agencies such as PNP, LGU, POC, and AFP typically conducts post-conflict or assessment approaches to evaluate the incident, identify lessons learned, and improve crisis response strategies. Some of these approaches may include:

• Incident Debriefing
• Critical Incident Review
• Stakeholder Consultation
• Victim and Witness Support
• Community Engagement
• Policy Procedure Review
• Training and Capacity Building

Earthquakes

Earthquakes are the shaking of the Earth’s surface caused by the sudden release of energy in the Earth’s lithosphere. They can range in size and can cause significant destruction. Earthquake crisis protocols include preparedness, response, search and rescue, medical care, damage assessment, and recovery and rehabilitation efforts. In the Philippines, agencies such as PHIVOLCS, NDRRMC, and LGUs play crucial roles in earthquake preparedness and response. Investigations into earthquakes involve seismic monitoring, studying tectonic settings, assessing ground effects, structural damage assessment, evaluating human impacts, analyzing response and recovery efforts, and identifying lessons learned. Collaboration between various disciplines and organizations is essential for effective earthquake preparedness, response, and investigation.

Some of the hazard associated with earthquakes are:

• collapsing buildings and bridges
• disruption of gas, electricity, and phone services
• landslides and avalanches
• flash floods, fires and tsunamis

Key reasons why the Philippines is prone to earthquakes:

• Seismic Activity The country experiences several earthquakes each year, ranging from minor tremors to destructive quakes due to the movement of the Earth’s plates.
• Fault Lines Major fault lines, such as the Philippine Fault Zone and the Valley Fault System, pose significant risks.

EPCEnTR Project

Achieving Public Safety and Security Thru “Earthquake Preparedness through Community Engagement and Training Response (EPCEnTR)” Project

The commitment seeks to enhance public safety and security during earthquakes by engaging communities in planning, volunteer training, and capacity building. Its goal is to minimize the impact of earthquakes on human lives, infrastructure, and communities. By promoting risk awareness and showcasing the bayanihan Filipino culture, the project aims to strengthen preparedness, response, mitigation, and continuity of life in the event of a catastrophic earthquake.

(While the country has robust disaster risk management policies and task structures in place, there’s a notable gap in community involvement, mainly due to insufficient grassroots collaboration. On the other hand, civil society organizations (CSOs) and citizens have established partnerships with communities and can readily mobilize participatory efforts. To bridge this gap and enhance grassroots engagement, the commitment proposes collaboration with CSOs. Together, they aim to empower residents in high-risk areas, enabling them to become capable and self-reliant in times of disaster.)

Precautionary Measures

Before an Earthquake

• Survey your home and workplace for potential hazards and take steps to mitigate them.
• Prepare household emergency kits with essential supplies, ensuring they are well-stocked and up-to-date.
• Develop a family emergency plan that includes evacuation routes, meeting points, and contact information. Distribute emergency plan cards to each family member.
• Make copies of important documents such as identification, insurance policies, and medical records, and keep them in a secure place.
• Educate yourself about earthquake risks and preparedness measures to enhance your readiness.
• Stay informed by regularly checking for the latest news and alerts regarding earthquakes and other potential hazards in your area.
• Make note of the location of fire extinguishers and emergency supplies in your area.
• Identify what equipment you should shut down to reduce potential hazards when safe to do so.
• Look around your area and decide where the safe spots are located; e.g., under sturdy tables, desks or against inside walls.
• Always store flammable and hazardous chemicals in secondary containment trays and in approved cabinets.
• Keep breakables and heavy objects on lower shelves whenever possible so they do not fall and injure someone.
• Ensure seismic restraints and latches on shelves and cabinets are secured.
• Secure valuable equipment, process tanks, storage tanks, gas cylinders, closets, and materials to prevent loss.
• Familiarize yourself with the location of your Emergency Assembly Point (EAP).

During an Earthquake

If you are inside:

• Immediately “duck, cover, and hold”
  • Under a desk, table or chair
  • Between seating rows in classrooms
  • Against a corridor wall
• Stay inside the building and remain calm.
• If you cannot find sturdy shelter, drop to the floor against an interior wall and cover your head and neck with your arms.
• If you are in bed when the earthquake occurs, stay there and protect your head and neck with pillows and blankets.
• Do not go into a doorway.
• Move away from the danger areas: near windows, hanging objects, tall unsecured furniture (bookcases, cabinets, and appliances), and research or process equipment containing hazardous chemicals. Most casualties in earthquakes result from falling materials.
• Stay inside under cover until shaking stops
• Watch for falling objects
• As you leave the area, and if safe to do so, turn off and disconnect power to equipment containing hazardous materials unless needed to keep process or experiment safe
• Make note of any unsafe conditions, trapped personnel or other hazards to be reported when you evacuate to your EAP.

If you are outside:

• Stay outside
• Move to an open area away from buildings, trees, electrical/overhead wires, and other hazards
• If forced to stand near a building, watch for falling objects

If you are in an automobile:

• Stop your vehicle in the nearest open area without blocking the roadway
• Do not stop under bridges, overpasses, or overhead wires
• Stay in the vehicle until the shaking stops

After the Earthquake

After an earthquake, it’s important to follow these steps:

1. First, check yourself for injuries and then assist others around you.
2. Assess your immediate surroundings for potential dangers, such as fires and structural damage.
3. Be cautious of loose items that could fall off shelves.
4. If your building is structurally sound, it is generally safer to remain inside, as going outside may
   expose you to falling debris.
5. If you are trapped in debris, try not to shout, as this could lead to inhaling dangerous dust. Cover your nose and mouth with clothing and tap on a nearby object, like a pipe, to signal rescuers.
6. Stay informed by listening to updates on the radio or television.
7. Remember that aftershocks can occur for a period of time after the main earthquake, so remain
   vigilant and prepared for further tremors.

Evacuation

Evacuate after the shaking stops to the designated Emergency Assembly Point (EAP) for the building you are in if any of the below occurs or are noted:

• Smoke and/or fire
• Fire and/or sprinkler alarm is activated
• Other life-threatening hazards
• Significant amount of fallen objects
• Glass breakage
• Cracks in walls

When in doubt, evacuate the building and assess the situation before taking further action. Take your emergency supplies, car keys, purse and/or wallet, with you. You may not be able to re-enter the building.

Remember:

• Leave doors unlocked
• Do not use elevators They most likely will not be working
• Do not move seriously injured people unless they are in obvious, immediate danger from fire, building collapse, etc. Note their locations and report them at the designated Emergency Assembly Point (EAP)
• Do not re-enter buildings until emergency management personnel has given clearance to return
• Await instructions, be patient, and help others

After Evacuation

• Be prepared for aftershocks; these may occur seconds, minutes, hours or days after the initial shock
• Report serious injuries, fires, or other hazards to the Response Team member for the area at your EAP. Give the following information:
  • Your name
  • Location of the problem (building, floor, room number, etc.)
  • Severity of the situation
  • Indicate whether any people or equipment are involved or are in imminent danger
• Only activate the Fire Alarm if there is a fire in your building

If you are trapped in a building:

• Stay calm
• If a window is available, place an article of clothing (shirt, coat, etc.) outside the window as a marker for rescue crews
• If there is no window, regularly tap on a pipe or wall so that rescuers can hear where you are
• If possible, use a flashlight or whistle to signal your location to rescuers
• If available, pull a manual fire alarm pull station
• Shout only as a last resort (to prevent dust inhalation, tiring too quickly, or losing your voice)
• Avoid unnecessary movement to prevent kicking up dust
• Cover your nose and mouth with anything you have on hand to prevent breathing in dust and other debris. (Dense-weave cotton material can act as a good filter. Breathe through the material.)

Earthquake Incident Management

Predict

Based on the 2022 World Risk Index Report, the Philippines has a score of 46.86, the highest among the top ten most-disaster-prone countries worldwide for its high-risk levels, exposure, and vulnerability due to its geographical location in the typhoon belt and the ring of fire in the Pacific Ocean where many typhoons, earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. The 2023 Global Risk Report also revealed that the top risk faced by the country in the next two years is natural disasters and extreme weather events.

Studies indicate that despite government efforts, household earthquake preparedness remains insufficient. Effective earthquake preparedness can mitigate devastating consequences. Factors such as perceived benefits, cues to action, and self-efficacy significantly influence preparedness levels. Increased awareness and understanding of the benefits of preparedness enhance people’s readiness for earthquakes and other disasters. Moreover, individuals with high self-efficacy feel more empowered to protect themselves and their families during disasters.

Challenges in earthquake preparedness stem from various factors:

1. Lack of awareness and education Many community members may not fully grasp earthquake risks or the importance of preparedness due to limited access to accurate information.
2. Complacency and low perceived risks Residents might underestimate earthquake likelihood and impact, especially in areas with infrequent seismic events, leading to a false sense of security.
3. Language and cultural barriers Diverse communities face challenges in understanding preparedness information due to language barriers and differing cultural norms.
4. Social and economic disparities Vulnerable populations struggle to access resources and information for preparedness due to economic challenges, leading to apathy towards preparedness efforts.
5. Community dynamics and fragmentation Lack of cohesion and existing conflicts within communities hinder collaborative planning and response efforts.
6. Communication and engagement strategies Ensuring effective communication to reach all segments of the community, including those with limited technology access, poses a challenge.
7. Sustainability of engagement Maintaining long-term interest and engagement in preparedness activities is difficult without ongoing support and established mechanisms, especially when the perceived threat decreases over time.

Prepare

RA 10121

Also known as the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, it was enacted on February 1, 2010. This legislation provides a comprehensive approach to disaster risk management, encompassing all hazards, sectors, agencies, and communities. It mandates the strengthening of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management System by formulating the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework and institutionalizing the National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Plan.

Executive Order No. 52 of PDU30

Issued in 2018 by former President Rodrigo Duterte, it established the Program Management Office for Earthquake Resiliency. This office is responsible for coordinating government efforts to prepare for a major earthquake, defining institutional roles, and ensuring public safety and government continuity. It mandates proactive measures by government agencies to enhance the resilience of public infrastructure in the area through capacity development programs.

Additionally, to streamline disaster response efforts, Executive Order No. 24 of PBBM was issued on April 30, 2023. This order constituted the Disaster Response and Crises Management Task Force, dedicated solely to disaster preparedness and response. These measures aim to strengthen the country’s ability to address the challenges posed by natural disasters with a clear unity of command and coordinated efforts.

Prevent

1. Conduct of Earthquake Awareness and Education The community is urged to understand the seismic risk of their area and potential earthquake impacts. High-risk areas will receive extensive information campaigns. Residents are encouraged to attend workshops, training sessions, and drills to learn effective response strategies. Orientation programs, led by MCDRM or in-house lecturers, will emphasize the distinctive impacts of earthquakes and highlight available response plans. The project aims to promote preparedness by encouraging residents to prepare emergency kits, develop evacuation plans, and identify safe locations during earthquakes.
2. Development of Barangay-Specific Response Plans and Safety Protocols The initiative involves creating barangay-specific emergency response plans for earthquake preparedness. These plans designate resident roles, evacuation sites, and coordination channels among authorities and communities. It includes establishing earthquake action and communication hubs (EACH) teams, neighborhood watch groups, and community emergency response teams (CERTs). Support networks among neighbors are encouraged for post-earthquake aid. Effective communication channels and household emergency protocols are essential components.
3. Intensive Role-Specific Trainings Following the strategic assignment of specific roles to individuals or groups, intensive role-specific training will be provided to address the skills and competency requirements for earthquake response. Existing community groups and roles will be considered for integration of additional duties during disasters. Training programs will be identified and customized based on participants’ educational backgrounds, experience, and existing skills. Assessments will be conducted to measure the positive transfer of learning and improvements in skills and competencies, facilitating future upskilling efforts.

Perform

Earthquake Drills and Simulation

Area-specific earthquake drills are essential for practicing preparedness and response strategies outlined in Barangay-Specific Response Plans. These drills emphasize immediate safety measures, emergency response, and communication protocols. By simulating earthquake scenarios, individuals can understand the importance of preparedness and rehearse appropriate actions. Moreover, drills facilitate the evaluation of community preparedness and identification of gaps, enabling proactive
measures to address deficiencies.

Post-Action and Assessment

Capacity Development Program on Crises Management, Safety Assessment, Search and Rescue, Reporting and Documentation

The community members need to be trained in safety assessment, search and rescue operations, and reporting and documentation following an earthquake. In many instances, external assistance may not immediately reach affected areas due to inaccessibility. Therefore, empowering residents through capacity development programs is essential. These initiatives aim to promote citizen-led actions and initiatives post-earthquake. Capacitation efforts will also include training residents in search and rescue operations and disaster victim identification to enhance local response capabilities.

AKAP (Ako, Kapwa, at Pamayanan) Kanlungan

After a catastrophic earthquake, communities face destruction, displacement, injuries, loss of life, and mental trauma. To prepare for such events, communities identify the safest convergence location during the preparedness phase. An initiative called “AKAP Kanlungan” is established as a community-led effort to construct temporary shelters for earthquake survivors. These shelters are built using available indigenous and scrap materials and are gradually stockpiled with resources from various sources in anticipation of disasters. The construction of AKAP Kanlungan symbolizes community resilience and serves as a statement of hope for recovery and overcoming challenges after the earthquake.

Provision for Rehabilitation and Recovery Plan

Rehabilitation and recovery after an earthquake are vital for restoring normalcy and aiding affected individuals, communities, and areas in overcoming physical, psychological, and socio-economic impacts. To prepare, mechanisms for facilitating rehabilitation and recovery will be formulated and integrated into barangay-specific action plans. These will involve a combination of short-term emergency response and long-term rebuilding efforts, addressing areas such as employment, livelihoods, infrastructure, lifeline facilities, housing, and resettlement, among others.

Responsible Agencies

In the Philippines, several agencies play crucial roles in earthquake preparedness, response, and recovery.

The National Disaster Response Plan is the Government of the Philippines’ multihazard response plan.

Emergency management, as defined in the NDRRM Act of 2010 (RA 10121), is the organization and management of resources to address all aspects or phases of the emergency, mitigation of, preparedness for, response to and recovery from a disaster or emergency. It outlines the processes and mechanisms to facilitate a coordinated response by the national and/or at the local level departments/agencies. Local government institutions are responsible for the development and improvement of local response plans relative to their areas of responsibility and underlying risks.

PHIVOLCS

The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) is a service institute of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) that is principally mandated to mitigate disasters that may arise from volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related geotectonic phenomena.

Their responsibilities include:

• Predicting the occurrence of volcanic eruptions and earthquakes and their related geotectonic phenomena
• Determining how eruptions and earthquakes occur and also areas likely to be affected
• Generating sufficient data for forecasting volcanic eruptions and earthquakes
• Mitigating hazards of volcanic activities through appropriate detection, forecast and warning system
• Formulating appropriate disaster preparedness plans

DOST

The Department of Science and Technology (DOST) plays a significant role in supporting earthquake preparedness initiatives through its various programs and projects. It works closely with PHIVOLCS to enhance monitoring capabilities, develop early warning systems, conduct research on seismic hazards, and provide technical assistance to local governments.

NDRRMC

Under the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) is empowered with the policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring and evaluation functions with regard to the disaster risk reduction and management initiatives of the Philippines.

LGU’s

Local government units are the first responders in the occurrence of natural and man-made calamities, based on Republic Act 10121 or the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act of 2010. Aside from RA10121, RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991 also stipulates that LGUs have the responsibility to undertake rescue operations, provide immediate relief assistance, and set-up and manage evacuation centers at the first instance of disaster occurrence.

DPWH

In the phases of disasters and calamities, the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) coordinates with other national government agencies through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) especially on comprehensive policies and approach measures in prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, rehabilitation, and recovery of the inflicted population and the entire community.

DILG

The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG) and its attached agencies such as the Philippine National Police (PNP) and the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) are on the ground extending all the assistance to the victims and doing the rounds to assure that ongoing monitoring and coordination
are in place.

The PNP direct the uniformed personnel of the Regional Public Safety Battalion to deploy its men for search and rescue operations in areas where the damage is quite considerable due to the earthquake.

The fire bureau ensures that all equipment and apparatus are available at the disposal of the fire personnel during deployment in earthquake-stricken areas.

DSWD

The Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) deploys psychosocial responders to assist quake-hit individuals. The provision of psychosocial aid is part of the Critical Incident and Stress Debriefing (CISD) program, a crisis intervention strategy designed to mitigate the traumatic impact of disasters on individuals.

DOH

The Department of Health (DOH) plays a critical role in providing medical support and health services during and after disasters, including earthquakes. They ensure that health facilities are prepared to handle an influx of patients and provide medical teams to respond to emergencies in affected areas.

Fires

Fire is the oxidization of any material that results in the release of heat, light, and other reaction products. For the oxidative process to become fire, the chemical reaction must be rapid. This is the process of combustion.

The visible part of the fire is called the flame. The color of the flame will change according to the materials burning and the environment in which the fire is happening. You can also deliberately change the color of the flame by adding different materials to the fire.

Uncontrolled fire can be destructive, spreading as they grow and consuming the evidence of their initiation. Many fires can be prevented through public education — for instance, educating people on safe practices for using room heaters or other gas and electric devices.

Types of Fire According to Burning Materials

• Class A Involves ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, and plastics
• Class B Involves flammable liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, grease and oil
• Class C Involves energized electrical equipment such as appliances, wiring, and transformers
• Class D Involves combustible metals or metallic alloy elements with combustible metal components
• Class K Involves cooking oils and fats, typically found in commercial kitchens; also called kitchen fires

Fire Safety Tips

One of the most common emergencies experienced by Filipinos is a fire in their home. In the Philippines, house fires are most likely to occur between March and April.

Home fires can be preventable. The following are simple steps that each of us can take to prevent a tragedy.

Before

• Place the phone numbers of the nearest fire station in your phone.
• Eliminate combustible materials through good housekeeping.
• Keep matches out of children’s reach.
• Oil lamps, gas lamps, and candles should be placed away from curtains. Put out flames before going to bed.
• Do not keep flammable materials like disinfectant spray, bleach gasoline, alcohol and paint inside the house.
• Regularly check your electrical installations.
• Do not overload electrical circuits.
• Blown fuses should not be replaced with wires or any metal.
• Never leave a lit cigarette or cigar on pipe unattended.
• Always have a handy first aid kit.

When cooking:

• Stay in the kitchen when you are frying, grilling or broiling food.
• Turn off the stove if you leave the kitchen for even a short period of time.
• Wear short, close-fitting or tightly rolled sleeves when cooking.
• Keep a fire extinguisher available.
• Frayed wires can cause fires. Replace all worn, old or damage appliance cords immediately and do not run cords under rugs or furniture.
• Don’t overload extension cords and outlets.

During

If a fire breaks out in your home, call the nearest fire station immediately. Some important fire safety tips on which you must act immediately until help arrives include:

• If you encounter a small fire:
  • First, stay calm and don’t panic.
  • Don’t waste time saving your valuables.
  • Don’t shout “FIRE” when you try to wake anyone in your house who may be asleep.
  • Check closed doors for heat before you open them. If the door is hot, DO NOT open it. This means that the door is holding the fire back and opening it would allow the fire to spread.
  • Use any available fire extinguisher. Aim the extinguisher at the base of the fire. If there’s no fire extinguisher, an alternative one will do so; pour a large quantity of salt or baking soda over the fire.
• If trapped in a room:
  • Stay low in case of smoke or fumes. If you’re in bed, roll off your bed and crawl to the door.
  • Put a wet cloth under closed doors to help prevent the spread of smoke.
  • If you need to break a window to crawl out, use a chair or a drawer, or a similar hard object. Throw a pillow or blanket over the windowsill to protect yourself from broken glass while crawling out.
• If caught in smoke or fumes:
  • If your clothing catches fire, stop where you are. Immediately drop to the ground and cover your mouth and face with your hands to protect them from flames. Roll over to smother the fire.
  • Keep your head down and close your eyes as often as possible. Hold your breath as much as possible to avoid being suffocated.

AFTER

The following will help you manage the situation:

• Listen to fire service advice. It’s part of their response to advise you on what to do next, in terms of recovering from the damage caused by the fire.
• Only re-enter your home once you’ve been advised to do so by authorized officials.
• Do not attempt to reconnect utilities yourself. Let the authorities check if the facilities are either safe to use or are better off being disconnected before they leave the site.
• If there is any recovered food, make sure that it’s safe. Discard any food that may have been exposed to heat, smoke, or soot.

Fire Response Protocols

In the Philippines, fire incidents are typically addressed following established protocols and guidelines to ensure an organized and effective response. Some key protocols regarding fire incidents in the Philippines include:

1. Local Government Coordination Local government units play a crucial role in coordinating fire response efforts within their jurisdictions. They work closely with the BFP and local fire departments to ensure a coordinated and efficient response.
2. Fire Safety and Prevention In addition to response protocols, there is an emphasis on fire safety and prevention measures in the Philippines. This includes conducting fire drills, enforcing fire safety regulations, and promoting public awareness of fire hazards. By following these protocols and guidelines, authorities aim to minimize the impact of fire incidents on lives, properties, and the environment in the Philippines.

When Fires Happen

The following are enacted during critical fire incidents:

1. Detection and Reporting The first step is the detection of a fire either by individuals or through automated fire alarm systems. Upon detecting a fire, it should be immediately reported to the local fire department or emergency services by calling the designated emergency hotline number.
2. Dispatch of Emergency Services Once a fire is reported, the local fire department dispatches firefighters, fire trucks, and other necessary resources to the location of the fire.
3. Evacuation and Rescue If the fire poses a threat to life or property, residents or occupants of the affected building or area are evacuated to safety. Firefighters also conduct search and rescue operations to ensure that everyone is accounted for and safely removed from the premises.
4. Fire Suppression and Control Firefighters work to contain and extinguish the fire using firefighting equipment, such as hoses, water pumps, fire extinguishers, and specialized tools. They also create barriers to prevent the fire from spreading to neighboring buildings or areas.
5. Coordination with Other Agencies During larger incidents, coordination between the BFP, LGU’s, PNP, DOH, and other relevant agencies is essential to manage the response effectively. Each agency has a specific role to play in ensuring a comprehensive and coordinated effort.
6. Investigation and Documentation After the fire is extinguished, an investigation is conducted to determine the cause of the fire. This information is crucial for prevention strategies and future planning. Documentation of the incident, including damage assessments and reports, is also carried out.

General Fire Response Procedure

1. Pre-Fire Planning The development of a systematic course of action that may be performed to realize the objectives of fire protection; the process of establishing an SOP for when a fire breaks out
2. Evaluation On-the-spot planning or sizing-up the situation. This is the process of knowing the emergency situation. It involves mental a evaluation by the operation officer-in-charge to determine the appropriate course of action that provides the highest probability of success. Evaluation of the situation is done by:
   • Learning the facts of the situation by answering the 5 W’s and 1H
   • Understanding the probabilities of fatal behavior of fire
   • Knowing your own situation or capabilities, weaknesses and strengths, available manpower and equipment, etc.
   • Determining the appropriate course of action
3. Entry This is the process of accessing the burning structure. Entry maybe done in a forcible manner to:
   • Give access for fire fighters with equipment for fire extinguishments
   • Provide rescue
   • Aid in ventilation of the fire scene
4. Evacuation This the activity of transferring people, livestock, and property away from the burning area to minimize damage or destruction that the fire might incur in case it propagates to other adjacent buildings.
5. Rescue This is the operation of removing (extricating), thus saving, people and other livestock from the burning building and other involved properties, conveying them to a secure place
6. Salvage The activity of protecting the properties from preventable damage other than the fire. The steps are remove the material outside the burning area, and b) protecting or cover the materials by using tarpaulins (cotton canvass treated with water proofing).
7. Exposure Also called cover exposure, this is the activity of securing other buildings near the burning structure in order to prevent the fire from the extending to another building.
8. Confinement This is the activity of restricting the fire at the place (room) where it started. In other words, the process of preventing fire from extending from another section or form one section to another section of the involved building.
9. Ventilation This the operation purposely conducted to displace toxic gases. It includes the process of displacing the heated atmosphere within the involved building with normal air from outside atmosphere. There are different types of ventilation:
   • Vertical ventilation Must be worked from the top to bottom
   • Cross or horizontal ventilation Used if gases have not reached the higher level through the opening of windows
   • Mechanical force ventilation A method whereby a device such as smoke ejector is utilized to remove faster excessive heat and dense smoke
10. Extinguishment This is the process of putting out the main body of fire by using the four general methods of fire extinguishment:
    • Extinguishment by temperature reduction (cooling)
    • Extinguishment by fuel removal (starving)
    • Extinguishment by oxygen dilution (smothering)
    • Extinguishment by chemical inhibition (interrupting the combustion process)
11. Overhaul This is the complete and detailed check of the structure and all materials therein to eliminate conditions that may cause re-flash; involves complete extinguishments of sparks or smoldering (glowing) substances (embers) to prevent possibilities of re-ignition or rekindling.
12. Fire Scene Investigation This is the final stage of fire suppression activities. It is an inquiry conducted to know or determine the origin and cause of fire.

Specific strategies followed by the BFP when responding to different types of fire scenarios can be found in the Bureau of Fire Protection Operational Procedures Manual.

Support from Other Agencies

To institutionalize the areas of cooperation and coordination of the BFP with other departments, bureaus, agencies, offices and corporations of the government, as well as private institutions, the BFP may enter into Memoranda of Agreement with, but not limited to, the following:

• National and Local Waterworks For providing sufficient source of water, especially in times of fire or conflagration and for the establishment of fire hydrants in strategic areas;
• Electric Companies and Cooperatives On the immediate cut-off of electric main lines/power lines during fires or conflagration to avoid the danger of the people being electrocuted;
• Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC) On fire safety measures on all ports and land transportation vehicle, traffic flow during fire operation and establishment of effective communication system for the BFP;
• Department of Education (DepED) On institutionalizing the kiddie and junior fire marshal program in all pre-school, elementary and secondary education levels;
• Commission on Higher Education (CHED) On coordinating with state academic institutions to develop and promote fire safety engineering courses and post graduate studies on fire science and technology and development of fire testing laboratories;
• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) On instituting continuing development and enhancement of standards on fire protection and related fire and life safety facilities, equipage and systems;
• Technical Education Skills Development Authority (TESDA) On providing and enhancing technical skills and know-how of BFP personnel and fire volunteer organizations as well as their subsequent accreditation/ certification.
• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) On providing pertinent information in the field of hazardous materials and hazardous waste management as well as collaboration on forest fire and life safety programs.
• Such other government agencies, instrumentalities and subdivisions and non-government institutions, with respect to future concerns as may be deemed necessary by the BFP in furtherance of the enforcement of the Fire Code and its implementing rules and regulations

Typhoons

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating weather disturbance that forms in tropical waters due to the presence of the following:

• warm sea surface temperature;
• high humidity or moisture;
• convective clouds for days; and,
• low atmospheric pressure.

It is called by different names depending on where it forms:

• typhoon North West Pacific Ocean
• hurricane Eastern Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean
• cyclone Indian Ocean and South Pacific Ocean

Classifications

The classification of tropical cyclones according to the strength of the associated winds as adopted by PAGASA as of 23 March 2022 are as follows:

• Tropical Depression (TD) A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained winds of up to 62 kilometers per hour (kph) or less than 34 nautical miles per hour (knots)
• Tropical Storm (TS) A tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 62 to 88 kph or 34-47 knots
• Severe Tropical Cyclone (STS) A tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 87 to 117 kph or 48-63 knots
• Typhoon (TY) A tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed of 118 to 184 kph or 64-99 knots
• Super Typhoon (STY) A tropical cyclone with maximum wind speed exceeding 185 kph or more than 100 knots.

Effects

Tropical cyclone constitutes one of the most destructive natural disasters that affects many countries around the globe and exacts tremendous annual losses in lives and property. Its impact is greatest over the coastal areas, which bear the brunt of the strong surface winds, squalls, induced tornadoes, and flooding from heavy rains, rather than strong winds, that cause the greatest loss in lives and destruction to property in coastal areas.

What to Do

Before

• Know the emergency numbers.
• Stockpile non-perishable food and clean water.
• Harvest crops that can be yielded already.
• Secure animals in a safe place.
• For fisher folks, place boats in a safe area.
• Ready and check the contents of medical kit.
• Keep flashlights, candles, and battery-powered within easy reach.
• Watch out for Tropical Cyclone Warning Signals of PAGASA.
• Keep important documents in a tight container.
• Repair the damaged portions of the house.
• Charge phones and make sure you have a load.
• Know the location of evacuation center. Evacuate when advised.

During

• Keep yourself updated with typhoon reports of PAGASA.
• Prepare for possible power outage.
• Stay in the house. Keep yourself away from windows.
• Avoid wading through the floodwaters.
• Seal and cover all water and food storage containers.
• Bring the survival kit with you when evacuating.
• Do a head count before evacuating and turn the main power switch off.
• If outside the house, keep yourself away from trees, posts or anything that may fall.

After

• Check your house for possible damage.
• Beware of dangerous animals that may have entered your house.
• Clear debris around your home.
• Inform concerned office/agency regarding damaged cables or electric posts.
• Make sure no cables or power outlets are submerged in water before turning the main power switch on.
• Empty cans, pots, or tires to get rid of mosquitoes.
• Keep monitoring weather conditions.

Typhoon Response

Pre-Disaster

Coordination and Planning

• The Department of National Defense (DND) through the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) together with its cluster member agencies (DILG, OCD, PCG, BFP, PRC, PNP, and NGO, CSO, Volunteer Groups and Other Agencies recognized by the NDRRMC) leads coordination among the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) members
• Crisis action planning is conducted by DND/AFP to prepare for potential disasters.
• The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) coordinates with other agencies, conducts inventory, and pre-positions assets/resources.
• Attend Pre-Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA) meetings to gather information and assess potential impacts.

Communication and Alert Systems

• OCD, through the CEIS Division, acts as the focal point for communications-related capabilities, including mobilization of ICT resources and providing radio nets and call signs.
• Activate SMART InfoText and other communication channels for alerting and disseminating information.
• Department of Health (DOH) releases alerts, activates emergency response plans, and conducts inventory of medical logistics.
• Philippine National Police (PNP) establishes command posts, reviews crime environment, and coordinates security personnel deployment with local government units (LGUs).
• Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) alerts Quick Response Teams (QRTs), coordinates with member agencies for response operations, and ensures availability of stockpiles and funds.

Protection and Welfare

• DSWD coordinates with member agencies for child protection and gender-based violence response.
• Provide capacity-building and develop strategies to address protection and psychosocial needs, particularly of vulnerable groups like children and women.

Education and Safety

Department of Education (DepEd) issues alerts, attends PDRA meetings, reinforces safety protocols in schools, and prepares for possible activation of Emergency Operation Centers (EOCs).

During

Activation and Coordination

• The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) takes the lead in coordinating all response efforts.
• Activation of Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs) at relevant levels by respective lead agencies.
• Convening of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) for overall coordination.

Assessment and Situational Awareness

• Rapid Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis (RDANA) conducted by respective lead agencies to assess the extent of damage and needs.
• Continuous monitoring of the disaster situation through information sharing among agencies.

Logistics and Infrastructure Support

• Department of National Defense (DND) coordinates search, rescue, and retrieval (SRR) operations.
• Office of Civil Defense (OCD) facilitates logistical support, including telecommunications, ICT systems, and transportation.
• Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH) assesses and ensures the accessibility of main supply routes and infrastructure restoration.

Health and Medical Response

• Department of Health (DOH) deploys teams for rapid health assessment, field treatment, and provision of medical services.
• Integration of health services with disaster response operations, including surveillance, referral systems, and psychosocial support.

Security and Law Enforcement

• Philippine National Police (PNP) activates law and order security response units, prioritizing strategic support and coordination with local disaster risk reduction and management councils (DRRMCs).
• Ensuring the safety and security of affected areas, evacuation centers, and humanitarian workers.

Social Welfare and Protection

• Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) monitors and coordinates assistance in evacuation centers, ensuring the provision of relief goods and services.
• Coordination with local government units (LGUs) and other stakeholders to address protection issues and mobilize rapid assessment teams.

Education and Child Protection

• Department of Education (DepEd) activates EOCs and closely coordinates with relevant government agencies (NDRRMC, OCD, DOST-PAGASA, DSWD, DOH, among others) to appropriately inform field offices on the possible occurrence of related events;
• Prepare for the provision of resources and support for temporary learning spaces, psychosocial services, and coordination with health and social welfare clusters for the well-being of affected learners and personnel.

International Coordination

Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) leads the Philippine International Humanitarian Assistance Cluster (PIHAC), shall facilitate and negotiate cooperation agreements with foreign countries concerning international humanitarian assistance.

Post-Disaster

Information Management and Coordination

• The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) facilitates the coordination of post-disaster activities among clusters and agencies.
• Consolidate reports, including status updates, requests, and proposed actions from deployed teams and response clusters to be submitted to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC) to ensure centralized coordination.

Assessment and Documentation

Conduct post-disaster needs assessments (PDNA) in collaboration with relevant agencies to evaluate damages, needs, and lessons learned.

Logistics and Infrastructure Support

• The OCD Coordinates and requests to the relevant agencies to provide transportation support and logistics provision to ensure timely delivery of goods and services to affected areas.
• Facilitate the return of deployed resources and engage private agencies for transport assistance.

Health and Medical Response

• DOH will continue the deployment of health teams and provision of medical services, including WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene), nutrition, and mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS).
• Repair and rehabilitate damaged health facilities and conduct post-incident evaluation to enhance response strategies.

Security and Law Enforcement

• It is the duty of PNP to provide security to evacuation areas and collaborate with other agencies for relief and recovery operations.
• Submit reports on damage assessments and needs analysis, participate in debriefing sessions, and conduct post-assessment reviews.

Social Welfare and Protection

• DSWD assess evacuees’ movement to transitional sites and provide necessary assistance in coordination with local governments.
• Establish complaints mechanisms and provide continuing relief assistance as
  needed.

Education and Child Protection

• DepEd must establish temporary learning spaces in affected areas.
• Mobilize educational interventions, personnel assistance, and coordinate with relevant clusters for support services.

Volcanic Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions are natural disasters that occur when magma, gas, and ash are expelled from a volcano. These eruptions can vary in size and intensity, ranging from small lava flows to explosive eruptions that release ash and volcanic gases into the atmosphere. The impact of a volcanic eruption can be widespread and devastating, affecting the surrounding environment, communities, and infrastructure.

Volcanic eruptions are primarily caused by the movement of tectonic plates beneath the Earth’s surface. When magma rises to the surface, it can result in an eruption. Other factors, such as the composition of the magma and the presence of gases, can also influence the type and intensity of the eruption.

Volcanic eruptions can pose various hazards, including lava flows, pyroclastic flows (fast-moving clouds of hot gas and ash), ashfall, volcanic gases, lahars (mudflows), and volcanic earthquakes. These hazards can impact the environment, infrastructure, and human health.

Scientists use various methods to monitor volcanic activity and predict potential eruptions. This includes seismometers to detect earthquakes, gas sensors to measure volcanic gases, and satellite imagery to track changes in the volcano’s surface. Early warning systems are crucial for alerting communities at risk.

To mitigate the impact of volcanic eruptions, authorities implement preparedness measures such as developing evacuation plans, establishing emergency shelters, and conducting public awareness campaigns. Crisis management plans are essential for coordinating response efforts and ensuring the safety of residents.

The aftermath of a volcanic eruption can have long-term effects on the environment, agriculture, economy, and public health. Recovery and rehabilitation efforts are necessary to rebuild infrastructure, restore livelihoods, and address the social and economic impacts of the disaster.

What to Do

Before

• Know the signs of an impending eruption such as the increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes accompanied by rumbling sounds, change in color of steam emission from white to gray, and drying up of vegetation, springs, and wells around the volcano.
• Know the community’s safety plans by monitoring the latest advisories and warnings, knowing the location of the evacuation site, and preparing your family’s go bag.
• Each person should be aware of the dangers that volcanic eruptions pose. Volcanic eruptions are expected to cause ash falls which in turn could harm humans, animals, plants, equipment, and structures. Beyond that, fine volcanic ash is also often respirable which can cause pulmo-respiratory diseases if inhaled over prolonged period.
• Prepare all necessary things to bring in case of evacuation: gas mask or clean cloth, candles, matches, flashlights, extra batteries. Don’t forget to prepare your disaster kit ahead of time.
• Know which areas are covered by the danger zones.

During

• Stay calm. Cover your nose and mouth with mask or clean cloth and wear protective goggles.
• If you are outside, immediately seek cover in case of ash or rock falls. Wear glasses to protect your eyes and avoid all low-lying places.
• If you are inside a house, listen to the radio for updates and developments regarding the volcanic eruption. Close all windows and doors of the house and your car to prevent ashes from getting inside.
• If you are driving a vehicle, pull to the side of the road and stop if there is a heavy ashfall.
  As soon as the ashfall tapers, scrape off the ash that has accummulated on roof tops to prevent collapse.
• When notified, immediately evacuate to safer grounds. Stay in the evacuation center until further instructions. Do not attempt to leave the place unless told to do.
• Thoroughly wash utensils before eating. Cover water containers and food to avoid contamination with ash.
• Keep your pets in their shelter or inside the house to prevent them from inhaling ash.
• Stay away from rivers and streams for possible lahar flow.

After

• Wear masks when cleaning.
• After removing the ash, clean the roof and gutter with water to prevent corrosion.
• Shake loose the ash from plants, furniture, and windows before cleaning them with water. Cover your nose while cleaning.
• Wait for further announcements related to the volcanic eruption.

Volcanic Eruption Crisis Management Plan

• Early Warning Systems Implement and maintain effective early warning systems to alert residents and authorities about potential volcanic activity. This could include sirens, text alerts, and other communication channels.
• Evacuation Procedures Develop clear and detailed evacuation procedures to safely move residents out of the danger zone. Establish evacuation routes, assembly points, and transportation arrangements.
• Emergency Shelter Identify and prepare emergency shelters where evacuated individuals can seek refuge. Ensure these shelters are equipped with basic necessities such as food, water, medical supplies, and sanitation facilities.
• Communication Plan Establish a communication plan to keep residents informed about the situation. Provide regular updates on evacuation orders, safety precautions, and emergency services available.
• Coordination with Authorities Collaborate with local authorities, emergency services, and relevant agencies to coordinate response efforts. Assign roles and responsibilities to ensure a coordinated and efficient response.
• Medical Support Arrange for medical support and first aid services to assist individuals who may be injured during the eruption or evacuation process. Set up medical facilities near evacuation centers.
• Resource Management Manage resources effectively, including personnel, equipment, and supplies. Ensure adequate resources are available to respond to the crisis and support affected communities.
• Recovery and Rehabilitation Develop plans for post-eruption recovery and rehabilitation efforts. Support affected communities in rebuilding infrastructure, restoring livelihoods, and addressing long-term impacts of the eruption.
• Training and Drills Conduct regular training exercises and drills to test the effectiveness of the crisis management plan. Train personnel on their roles and responsibilities in a volcanic eruption scenario.
  During a volcanic eruption, crisis management involves several distinct phases that guide the response efforts to ensure the safety and well-being of individuals in the affected area. The phases of volcanic eruption crisis management typically include:
  • Prevention Phase
    • In this phase, efforts are focused on monitoring volcanic activity and assessing the risk of an eruption.
    • Implement early warning systems and monitoring mechanisms to detect signs of volcanic unrest.
    • Conduct risk assessments to identify vulnerable areas and populations that may be impacted by an eruption.
    • Develop and communicate evacuation plans and procedures to prepare residents for potential volcanic activity.
  • Preparedness Phase
    • During this phase, authorities and emergency services prepare for a possible eruption by establishing response protocols and mobilizing resources.
    • Conduct training exercises and drills to test the effectiveness of the crisis management plan and ensure readiness.
    • Stockpile emergency supplies, equipment, and resources needed for response and recovery efforts.
    • Coordinate with relevant agencies and stakeholders to establish communication channels and coordination mechanisms.
  • Response Phase
    • When a volcanic eruption occurs, the response phase involves immediate actions to protect lives and property.
    • Activate emergency response plans and evacuation procedures to move residents out of harm’s way.
    • Provide medical assistance, shelter, and support services to affected individuals.
    • Coordinate search and rescue operations to locate and assist individuals in distress.
    • Communicate regularly with the public to provide updates on the situation and safety precautions.
  • Recovery Phase
    • After the eruption subsides, the recovery phase focuses on rebuilding and restoring the affected area.
    • Assess the damage caused by the eruption and prioritize recovery efforts based on needs.
    • Provide support for displaced individuals, including temporary housing, food, and medical care.
    • Restore infrastructure, utilities, and services to facilitate the return to normalcy.
    • Implement long-term recovery and rehabilitation programs to address the social, economic, and environmental impacts of the eruption.

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